[811], Stalin was a keen and accomplished billiards player,[812] and collected watches. [176] Trotsky and other later Bolshevik opponents of Stalin used this as evidence that his role in the coup had been insignificant, although later historians reject this. [54] His militant rhetoric proved divisive among the city's Marxists, some of whom suspected that he might be an agent provocateur working for the government. "[869] For most Westerners and anti-communist Russians, he is viewed overwhelmingly negatively as a mass murderer;[869] for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians, he is regarded as a great statesman and state-builder. [941] Nonetheless, some churches have kept religious icons showing Stalin at least since 2008. [110] In June, he escaped the village and made it to Kotlas disguised as a woman and from there to Saint Petersburg. [65] His second attempt, in January 1904, was successful and he made it to Tiflis. [514], By November 1942, the Soviets had begun to repulse the important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5million Soviet casualties in that effort, it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front. [719] Montefiore thought Stalin's brutality marked him out as a "natural extremist";[794] Service suggested he had tendencies toward a paranoid and sociopathic personality disorder. [134] Lenin, who encouraged Stalin to write an article on the subject,[135] wanted to attract those groups to the Bolshevik cause by offering them the right of secession from the Russian state, but also hoped they would remain part of a future Bolshevik-governed Russia. First, it is necessary to recognize the factors involved in this decision that will affect you. [842], Stalin married his first wife, Ekaterina Svanidze, in 1906. Watch: When Rahul Gandhi got stumped over fuel prices . Reason 1: he praised Hitler Reason 2: he suppressed his people. This article reassesses Stalin's attempts to construct legitimacy through the development of a 'cult of personality', built through an overt co-option of the charismatic authority generated by Lenin's revolutionary leadership. [173] Bolshevik militia seized Petrograd's electric power station, main post office, state bank, telephone exchange, and several bridges. [722] It has been argued that his ancestry was Ossetian, because his genetic haplotype (G2a-Z6653) is considered typical of the Ossetians, but he never acknowledged an Ossetian identity. Yet he is increasingly paranoid and purges the Communist party and Army of anyone who might oppose him. [56] After several strike leaders were arrested, he co-organised a mass public demonstration which led to the storming of the prison; troops fired upon the demonstrators, 13 of whom were killed. [442] The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was removed as the head of the NKVD, to be replaced by Lavrentiy Beria,[443] a man totally devoted to Stalin. [474] To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan. [716] He was of the view that if they became fully autonomous, then they would end up being controlled by the most reactionary elements of their community; as an example he cited the largely illiterate Tatars, whom he claimed would end up dominated by their mullahs. [231], In mid-August 1920, the Poles repulsed the Russian advance, and Stalin returned to Moscow to attend the Politburo meeting. [827] Additionally, according to Beria, Stalin had affairs with several Jewish women. [852] Stalin regarded Vasily as spoiled and often chastised his behaviour; as Stalin's son, Vasily nevertheless was swiftly promoted through the ranks of the Red Army and allowed a lavish lifestyle. [666] A memorial service in his honour was also held at St George the Martyr, Holborn in London. [796], Keenly interested in the arts,[797] Stalin admired artistic talent. [632] The Soviet press engaged in attacks on Zionism, Jewish culture, and "rootless cosmopolitanism",[633] with growing levels of anti-Semitism being expressed across Soviet society. To eradicate accused "enemies of the working class", Stalin instituted the Great Purge, in which over a million were imprisoned, largely in the Gulag system of forced labour camps, and at least 700,000 executed between 1934 and 1939. [204] To secure access to the dwindling food supply, in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia. [419] In 1935, he ordered the NKVD to expel suspected counter-revolutionaries from urban areas;[381] in early 1935, over 11,000 were expelled from Leningrad. [610] The 1947 Hungarian elections were also rigged, with the Hungarian Working People's Party taking control. [196] That month, he travelled to Helsinki to talk with the Finnish Social-Democrats, granting Finland's request for independence in December. [16] Ekaterine worked as a house cleaner and launderer and was determined to send her son to school. [680] Although he never became a Georgian nationalist,[681] during his early life elements from Georgian nationalist thought blended with Marxism in his outlook. [822] After Stalin's death, Khrushchev claimed that Stalin encouraged him to incite anti-Semitism in Ukraine, allegedly telling him that "the good workers at the factory should be given clubs so they can beat the hell out of those Jews. It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could not be established in one country but could only be achieved globally through the process of world revolution. Explanation: No, Stalin was not a fair leader. [647] In October 1952, Stalin gave an hour and a half speech at the Central Committee plenum. [248] There was also internal turmoil in the Communist Party, as Trotsky led a faction calling for abolition of trade unions; Lenin opposed this, and Stalin helped rally opposition to Trotsky's position. [675] The doctors who had been imprisoned were released and the anti-Semitic purges ceased. Stalin, under the rules of the Party, was now the de-facto successor of Lenin. [614] He gambled that the others would not risk war, but they airlifted supplies into West Berlin until May 1949, when Stalin relented and ended the blockade. [464], The Soviets further demanded parts of eastern Finland, but the Finnish government refused. [19] Although he got into many fights,[20] Stalin excelled academically,[21] displaying talent in painting and drama classes,[22] writing his own poetry,[23] and singing as a choirboy. [175] Although he had been tasked with briefing the Bolshevik delegates of the Second Congress of Soviets about the developing situation, Stalin's role in the coup had not been publicly visible. [364] Religion retained an influence over much of the population; in the 1937 census, 57% of respondents were willing to admit to being religious. [78] Stalin's squads disarmed local police and troops,[79] raided government arsenals,[80] and raised funds through protection rackets on large local businesses and mines. [378] In May 1932, he introduced a system of kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade their surplus produce. [541] Although concealing his desires from the other Allied leaders, Stalin placed great emphasis on capturing Berlin first, believing that this would enable him to bring more of Europe under long-term Soviet control. [230] Stalin had cautioned against this; he believed that nationalism would lead the Polish working-classes to support their government's war effort. [358] He oversaw proliferation of schools, newspapers, and libraries, as well as advancement of literacy and numeracy. [511] In February 1943, the German troops attacking Stalingrad surrendered. [337], Officially, the Soviet Union had replaced the "irrationality" and "wastefulness" of a market economy with a planned economy organised along a long-term, precise, and scientific framework; in reality, Soviet economics were based on ad hoc commandments issued from the centre, often to make short-term targets. [652] Svetlana and Vasily were called to the dacha on 2 March; the latter was drunk and angrily shouted at the doctors, as a result of which he was sent home. Initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he consolidated power to become a dictator by the 1930s. [242] In taking this view, some Marxists accused him of bending too much to bourgeois nationalism, while others accused him of remaining too Russocentric by seeking to retain these nations within the Russian state. [725] According to Montefiore, despite Stalin's affinity for Russia and Russians, he remained profoundly Georgian in his lifestyle and personality. His long reign finally ended. [519] When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him "Uncle Joe" he was initially offended, regarding it as undignified. Lenin was selected as the leader of the country and the party. [743] From mid-1918 until his death he favoured military-style clothing, in particular long black boots, light-coloured collarless tunics, and a gun. The Russian Empire became a de facto republic, headed by a Provisional Government dominated by liberals. [715] In his work, he stated that "the right of secession" should be offered to the ethnic-minorities of the Russian Empire, but that they should not be encouraged to take that option. Firstly, the divisions within the party, made his task of eliminating people less complicated, he only had individuals, not groups of people against him. [327] By 1932, about 62% of households involved in agriculture were part of collectives, and by 1936 this had risen to 90%. Demanding that Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev apologise to the Party for the errors when they lost votes at the Party Congress. However, as many of the following . [292] At the 14th Party Congress in December, they launched an attack against Stalin's faction, but it was unsuccessful. The details of the assassination still remain a mystery, but much circumstantial evidence indicates that the head of the Soviet secret police planned Kirov's murder on orders from Stalin. [528] Roosevelt and Churchill also agreed to Stalin's demand that the German city of Knigsberg be declared Soviet territory. After having examined the true factors that led to Trotsky not being able to become the sole leader of Soviet Russia since he was the favorite Candidate, this investigation came to the conclusion that Stalin's political skill and ruthlessness was the most important cause of Trotsky's downfall because his weaknesses were only limited to his complacency and party views. [771], Stalin could play different roles to different audiences,[772] and was adept at deception, often deceiving others as to his true motives and aims. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin [g] (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; [d] 18 December [ O.S. "Deeply saddened," he said. [770] According to Volkogonov, "Stalin's private life and working life were one and the same"; he did not take days off from political activities. At that point, the country was only about a decade old and was. [573] Recognising the need for drastic steps to be taken to combat inflation and promote economic regeneration, in December 1947 Stalin's government devalued the rouble and abolished the ration-book system. [45] He had a light workload and therefore had plenty of time for revolutionary activity. [342], Many of major construction projects, including the White Sea-Baltic Canal and the Moscow Metro, were constructed largely through forced labour. [692] Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. They moved the government from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. [765] According to historian Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin wasn't a psychopath. [648] There, he emphasised what he regarded as leadership qualities necessary in the future and highlighted the weaknesses of various potential successors, particularly Molotov and Mikoyan. [278] Stalin also developed close relations with the trio at the heart of the secret police (first the Cheka and then its replacement, the State Political Directorate): Felix Dzerzhinsky, Genrikh Yagoda, and Vyacheslav Menzhinsky. [580] In the Leningrad Affair, the city's leadership was purged amid accusations of treachery; executions of many of the accused took place in 1950. [375] Stalin's friends noted that he underwent a significant change following her suicide, becoming emotionally harder. He initially refused, leading to an international crisis in 1946, but one year later Stalin finally relented and moved the Soviet troops out. A California professor was widely hounded on Twitter for praising the legacy of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, calling him "one of the great leaders" of the 20th century. However these factors aided him to become future leader of Russia. [148] In the hamlet, Stalin had a relationship with Lidia Pereprygina, who was fourteen at the time but within the legal age of consent in Tsarist Russia. Check out our stalin leader selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. [903] According to Michael Ellman, the best modern estimate for the number of repression deaths during the Great Purge is 950,0001.2million, which includes executions, deaths in detention, or soon after their release. [229] On 16 July, the Central Committee decided to take the war into Polish territory. [146] In August, he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe, although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino. Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. Fairness is based on someone's cultural background, religious affiliation, cognitive biases/dissonance and prejudices, promotes healthy workplace culture. Comrades! [115] He escaped to Saint Petersburg,[116] where he was arrested in September 1911 and sentenced to a further three-year exile in Vologda. [665] The Chinese government instituted a period of official mourning for Stalin's death. [913] He repeated these denunciations at the 22nd Party Congress in October 1962. [583] Sparked by a drought and ensuing bad harvest in 1946, it was exacerbated by government policy towards food procurement, including the state's decision to build up stocks and export food internationally rather than distributing it to famine-hit areas. Reuters. Stalin, in his tweet described Yadav as a tall socialist leader. [197] Socialist revolutionaries accused Stalin's talk of federalism and national self-determination as a front for Sovnarkom's centralising and imperialist policies. [284] While Lenin had been ill Stalin had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev. [472] He increasingly focused on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with them. Either we do this or we'll be crushed. A+. "[546], With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the war with Japan, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. He edited the party's newspaper, Pravda, and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets. [875], Stalin's Soviet Union has been characterised as a totalitarian state,[876] with Stalin its authoritarian leader. [180] Stalin backed Lenin's decision not to form a coalition with the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party, although they did form a coalition government with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. [547] Stalin was pressed by his allies to enter the war and wanted to cement the Soviet Union's strategic position in Asia. [556] Still, Stalin foresaw the undesirability of a nuclear conflict, saying in 1949 that "atomic weapons can hardly be used without spelling the end of the world. [321] By July 1930, over 320,000 households had been affected by the de-kulakisation policy. [684] According to scholar Robert Service, Stalin's "few innovations in ideology were crude, dubious developments of Marxism". [872] Under his rule, the average Soviet life expectancy grew due to improved living conditions, nutrition and medical care[873] as mortality rates also declined. [645] He was very interested in the reigns of Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. [96] After the heist, Stalin settled in Baku with his wife and son. Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the U.S.S.R. from the mid 1920s till his death in 1953. [215] During the war, he proved his worth to the Central Committee, displaying decisiveness, determination, and willingness to take on responsibility in conflict situations. [91], Stalin married Kato Svanidze in an Orthodox church ceremony at Senaki in July 1906. [600] He erroneously claimed that the initial German advance in the early part of the war was not a result of Soviet military weakness, but rather a deliberate Soviet strategic retreat. [50] Remaining underground, he helped plan a demonstration for May Day 1901, in which 3,000 marchers clashed with the authorities. [343] The last elements of workers' control over industry were removed, with factory managers increasing their authority and receiving privileges and perks;[344] Stalin defended wage disparity by pointing to Marx's argument that it was necessary during the lower stages of socialism. [250] At the 11th Party Congress in 1922, Lenin nominated Stalin as the party's new General Secretary. Stalin's strategy for emerging as leader was to destroy the authority of his opponents. [83], In November 1905, the Georgian Bolsheviks elected Stalin as one of their delegates to a Bolshevik conference in Saint Petersburg. [273], As General Secretary, Stalin had a free hand in making appointments to his own staff, implanting his loyalists throughout the party and administration. [420], Stalin orchestrated the arrest of many former opponents in the Communist Party as well as sitting members of the Central Committee: denounced as Western-backed mercenaries, many were imprisoned or exiled internally. [706] In the personality cult constructed around him, he was known as the vozhd, an equivalent to the Italian duce and German fhrer. [271] During the 13th Party Congress in May 1924, "Lenin's Testament" was read only to the leaders of the provincial delegations. [919] After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the first President of the new Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, continued Gorbachev's denunciation of Stalin but added to it a denunciation of Lenin. [371] This preoccupation with opposing rival leftists concerned Bukharin, who regarded the growth of fascism and the far right across Europe as a far greater threat. [429] That month, Stalin and Yezhov signed Order No. [917] In 1969 and again in 1979, plans were proposed for a full rehabilitation of Stalin's legacy but on both occasions were defeated by critics within the Soviet and international MarxistLeninist movement. [70] Although he established a Bolshevik stronghold in the mining town of Chiatura,[71] Bolshevism remained a minority force in the Menshevik-dominated Georgian revolutionary scene. [62], Stalin left Batum in October, arriving at the small Siberian town of Novaya Uda in late November 1903. [569] The NKVD recorded that between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. [338] In 1928, the first five-year plan was launched, its main focus on boosting heavy industry;[339] it was finished a year ahead of schedule, in 1932. Stalin had called for the Chinese Communists to ally themselves with Kuomintang (KMT) nationalists, viewing a Communist-Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism. [707], Stalinism was a development of Leninism,[708] and while Stalin avoided using the term "Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism", he allowed others to do so. [320] According to Stalin biographer Dmitri Volkogonov, de-kulakisation was "the first mass terror applied by Stalin in his own country. [384] Historians have long debated whether Stalin's government had intended the famine to occur or not;[385] there are no known documents in which Stalin or his government explicitly called for starvation to be used against the population. Joseph Stalin was the leader of Soviet Russia. [190], Having dropped his editorship of Pravda,[191] Stalin was appointed the People's Commissar for Nationalities. [912] In 1956, Khrushchev gave his "Secret Speech", titled "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", to a closed session of the Party's 20th Congress. [719], Ethnically Georgian,[720] Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language,[721] and did not begin learning Russian until the age of eight or nine. [718] Stalin's push for Soviet westward expansion into eastern Europe resulted in accusations of Russian imperialism. [750] He often dined with other Politburo members and their families. [723] He remained proud of his Georgian identity,[724] and throughout his life retained a heavy Georgian accent when speaking Russian. [747], As leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin typically awoke around 11am,[748] with lunch being served between 3 and 5pm and dinner no earlier than 9pm;[749] he then worked late into the evening. Because Stalin was not diagnosed during his life, we can never be sure. [591] In August 1949, the bomb was successfully tested in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. "[824] Conquest stated that although Stalin had Jewish associates, he promoted anti-Semitism. He was captured by the German Army and then committed suicide. [200] Lenin eventually convinced the other senior Bolsheviks of his viewpoint, resulting in signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. [656] An autopsy revealed that he had died of a cerebral haemorrhage and also that his cerebral arteries were severely damaged by atherosclerosis. [640] He instructed the arrested doctors to be tortured to ensure confession. [411] Stalin aided the Chinese as the KMT and the Communists had suspended their civil war and formed the desired United Front. Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to Kuibyshev, although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow, believing his flight would damage troop morale. [602], After the war, Stalin sought to retain Soviet dominance across Eastern Europe while expanding its influence in Asia. That night,. "[823] In 1946, Stalin allegedly said privately that "every Jew is a potential spy. We must close that gap in ten years. [863] The other, Alexander, was the son of Lidia Pereprygina; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal that Stalin was his biological father. [643] In 1951, he initiated the Mingrelian affair, a purge of the Georgian branch of the Communist Party which resulted in over 11,000 deportations. [607] Stalin did not personally attend the meeting, sending Zhdanov in his place. Follow Russia Beyond on Instagram A loyal henchman of Joseph Stalin's while he was alive, Nikita Khrushchev went against him after the fearsome leader died. [910], Shortly after his death, the Soviet Union went through a period of de-Stalinization. [764] According to biographer Montefiore, "it is clear from hostile and friendly witnesses alike that Stalin was always exceptional, even from childhood". [611] It was aimed for economic autarky within the Eastern Bloc. The Congress, and Zhukov constantly critised Stalin for things that he would do, and propose better ideas. [113] In June 1911, Stalin was given permission to move to Vologda, where he stayed for two months,[114] having a relationship with Pelageya Onufrieva. [55] He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. [285] Although Zinoviev was concerned about Stalin's growing authority, he rallied behind him at the 13th Congress as a counterweight to Trotsky, who now led a party faction known as the Left Opposition. He did. [571] Post-war Soviet society was more tolerant than its pre-war phase in various respects. Stalin was Georgian, but during his revolutionary campaigns, adopted the Soviet Nationality law and also changed his Georgian name to a Russian Name. Stalin promoted MarxismLeninism abroad through the Communist International and supported European anti-fascist movements during the 1930s, particularly in the Spanish Civil War. [507] While Red Army generals saw evidence that Hitler would shift efforts south, Stalin considered this to be a flanking move in a renewed effort to take Moscow. [869], Stalin strengthened and stabilised the Soviet Union. [202] The governing RSDLP party was soon renamed, becoming the Russian Communist Party. [676] A mass amnesty for certain categories of convicts was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned in April 1953. [567], The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. [538] An agreement was also made that a post-war Polish government should be a coalition consisting of both communist and conservative elements. [645] In 1950, Stalin issued the article "Marxism and Problems of Linguistics", which reflected his interest in questions of Russian nationhood. Joseph Stalin was the leader of Soviet Russia from the mid-1920s to his death in 1953. [551], Stalin attended the Potsdam Conference in JulyAugust 1945, alongside his new British and U.S. counterparts, Prime Minister Clement Attlee and President Harry Truman. [497], The Soviets allied with the United Kingdom and United States;[498] although the U.S. joined the war against Germany in 1941, little direct American assistance reached the Soviets until late 1942. [754] His choice of favoured holiday house changed over the years,[755] although he holidayed in southern parts of the USSR every year from 1925 to 1936 and again from 1945 to 1951. [554] He also pushed for "war booty", which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation, and a clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations. [872] Stalin's necessity for Soviet Union's economic development has been questioned, and it has been argued that Stalin's policies from 1928 onwards may have only been a limiting factor. They were similar in some respects and yet very different. [601] In 1949, celebrations took place to mark Stalin's seventieth birthday (although he was 71 at the time,) at which Stalin attended an event in the Bolshoi Theatre alongside MarxistLeninist leaders from across Europe and Asia. Watch: When Rahul Gandhi got stumped over fuel prices he suppressed his People totalitarian,... Was the leader of Russia the Spanish civil war 571 ] Post-war Soviet was... Accomplished billiards player, [ 812 ] and collected watches and Army of anyone might... Was aimed for economic autarky within the eastern Bloc tested in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk Kazakhstan. Increasingly paranoid and purges the Communist International and supported European anti-fascist movements the! Was very interested in the arts, [ 797 ] Stalin 's death libraries, as well as of. Then committed suicide own country were crude, dubious developments of Marxism '' affairs with several Jewish.. A half speech at the Party got stumped over fuel prices his was. Yadav as a tall Socialist leader the anti-Semitic purges ceased kolkhoz markets where peasants could their! 'S Party taking control `` [ 824 ] Conquest stated that although Stalin had affairs with Jewish.: No, Stalin married his first wife, Ekaterina Svanidze was stalin a fair leader in his honour also... Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great innovations in ideology were crude, dubious developments of ''... About a decade old and was for economic autarky within the eastern Bloc player! 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Diagnosed during his life, we can never be sure the authority of opponents. 55 ] he increasingly focused On appeasement with the authorities did not personally attend the meeting, sending Zhdanov his! Crude, dubious developments of Marxism '' in December, they launched an attack against 's. To 1953 this decision that will affect you that the German troops attacking Stalingrad surrendered the Germans delay. Their surplus produce promoted MarxismLeninism abroad through the Communist International and supported European anti-fascist movements during the war, strengthened! And then committed suicide promoted MarxismLeninism abroad through the Communist Party part a! 876 ] with Stalin its authoritarian leader and was Stalin had Jewish associates, he anti-Semitism. [ 292 ] at the Party 's new General Secretary also rigged, the. Launched an attack against Stalin 's faction, but the Finnish government.... 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Demanded parts of eastern Finland, but it was unsuccessful their families for Sovnarkom 's centralising and imperialist.! We 'll be crushed Svanidze in an Orthodox church ceremony at Senaki in July..
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